Star
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This article is about the astronomical object. For other uses, see Star (disambiguation).
The Pleiades, an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Taurus. NASA photo
A star is a massive, luminous ball of plasma that is held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the energy on Earth. Other stars are visible in the night sky, when they are not outshone by the Sun. For most of its life, a star shines due to thermonuclear fusion in its core releasing energy that traverses the star's interior and then radiates into outer space. Almost all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created by fusion processes in stars.
Astronomers can determine the mass, age, chemical composition and many other properties of a star by observing its spectrum, luminosity and motion through space. The total mass of a star is the principal determinant in its evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star are determined by its evolutionary history, including the diameter, rotation, movement and temperature. A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities, known as a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H–R diagram), allows the age and evolutionary state of a star to be determined.
A star begins as a collapsing cloud of material composed primarily of hydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements. Once the stellar core is sufficiently dense, some of the hydrogen is steadily converted into helium through the process of nuclear fusion.[1] The remainder of the star's interior carries energy away from the core through a combination of radiative and convective processes. The star's internal pressure prevents it from collapsing further under its own gravity. Once the hydrogen fuel at the core is exhausted, those stars having at least 0.4 times the mass of the Sun[2] expand to become a red giant, in some cases fusing heavier elements at the core or in shells around the core. The star then evolves into a degenerate form, recycling a portion of the matter into the interstellar environment, where it will form a new generation of stars with a higher proportion of heavy elements.[3]
Binary and multi-star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound, and generally move around each other in stable orbits. When two such stars have a relatively close orbit, their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution.[4] Stars can form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure, such as a cluster or a galaxy.
Pemuliaan adalah usaha memperoleh bibit unggul dengan merakit keanekaragaman genetik (plasma nutfah) organisme.
Organisme yang dikategorikan bibit unggul bercirikan:
1. Masa pertumbuhan pendek (cepat menghasilkan)
2. Tahan hama dan penyakit
3. Produksi tinggi dan rasanya enak
4. Adaptif terhadap kondisi lingkungan
S. Masa produksi lama
Usaha yang dilakukan:
1. Seleksi
2. Hibridisasi
3. Mutasi
….- tumbohan poliploidi
….- mutasi radiasi dengan radioaktif
4. Transplantasi/cangkok gen
5. Kultur jaringan
Yang melatarbelakangi munculnya revolusi biru bahwa revolusi hijau belum dapat memenuhi seluruh kebutahan pangan dan 70 % bagian bumi kita adalah laut.
Sumber daya alam yang dapat diambil:
1. Tumbuhan: alga
2. Hewan : ikan kerang kepiting dan lain-lain
3. Mineral : NaCl, Mg dan lain-lain
4. Tanah diatom
PERMASALAHAN DAN DAMPAK NEGATIF
1.Penangkapan ikan yang tak kenal batas dengan alat dan bahan berbahaya.
2.Meningkatnya jumlah penduduk dan industri di daratan menyebabkan pemasukan limbah ke laut dalam jumlah yang besar pula. Akibatnya laut menjadi kerah/kotor sehingga pada akbarnya menurunkan produktifitas ganggang dan menurunnya jumlah ikan.
3.Pencemaran laut oleh limbah kapal dan tumpahan minyak.
4.Rusak serta hilangnya hutan bakau karena diabah menjadi tambak.
PENANGGULANGAN
1.Mencegah dan mengatasi pencemaran antara lain:
a. melarang pembuangan sampah ke laut
b. pengolahan limbah cair industri sebelum masuk ke sungai dan ….berakhir di laut
2.Mencegah penangkapan tak kenal batas antara lain:
a. membatasi ukuran ikan yang boleh ditangkap
b. melarang penggunaan bahan dan alat berbahaya
3.Mencegah hilangnya hutan bakau
Siklus menstruasi terjadi pada manusia dan primata. Sedang pada mamalia lain terjadi siklus estrus. Bedanya, pada siklus menstruasi, jika tidak terjadi pembuahan maka lapisan endometrium pada uterus akan luruh keluar tubuh, sedangkan pada siklus estrus, jika tidak terjadi pembuahan, endomentrium akan direabsorbsi oleh tubuh.
